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What is Cinnabar
✳️Cinnabar is a toxic mercury sulfide mineral with a chemical composition of HgS. 🔷It is the only important ore of mercury. It has a bright red color that has caused people to use it as a pigment, and carve it into jewelry and ornaments for thousands of years in many parts of the world. Its […]
Kimberlite
🔷Kimberlites, named after the town of Kimberly, South Africa, where they were first described, are volcanic rocks that originate in Earth’s mantle.🔷They are mined exclusively for diamonds. The photo shows the “Big Hole” at Kimberly.🔷The Hole was mined from 1871 to 1914 and reached a depth of 240 m below the surface. Subsequently it filled […]
Geological Time Scale
Geological Time Scale The geological time scale is a system of chronological measurement that relates geological events and geological time to a numerical scale. It is used to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred throughout Earth’s history. The time scale is divided into four main parts: Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs. […] Table of Contents Toggle Geological Time Scale
What are Rare Earth Elements and why are they important?
What are Rare Earths? The Japanese call them “the seeds of technology.” The US Department of Energy calls them “technology metals.” They make possible the high tech world we live in today – everything from the miniaturization of electronics, to the enabling of green energy and medical technologies, to supporting a myriad of essential telecommunications and defense systems. […] Table of Contents Toggle What are Rare Earths?Which Elements ...
Geology 101
Geology 101 is the study of the Earth and its materials, structures, processes, and history. It is a broad field that encompasses many different disciplines, including mineralogy, petrology, paleontology, and geophysics. Geologists study the Earth’s physical features, including its rocks, minerals, soils, and water. They also study the Earth’s internal structure and the processes that […] Table of Contents Toggle Why Study Geology?What Do GEOSCIENTISTS ...
Volcano
What is Volcano I heard about the volcano before 🤔??….We all see volcanoes in movies and news, but did you ask yourself why or how do they happen? On our trip today, we will explore the volcano and see its formation, why it happens, and how.. Are you ready, hero ??Let’s start our journey The […] Table of Contents Toggle What is VolcanoOne ...
What is an Unconformity in Geology
An unconformity is a surface of erosion or non-deposition that separates two rock units that have different ages. It represents a time gap in the geologic record, and it occurs when sedimentary rocks are tilted, uplifted, and eroded before new sediment is deposited on top of them. There are three types of unconformities: Disconformities A […] Table of Contents Toggle There are three types of unconformities:
Mineral
Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. In 1995, the World Minerals Organization put another definition saying that “a mineral is an element or a chemical compound that is naturally crystalline and formed as a result of geological processes.”Minerals have their own specific physical properties which […] Table of Contents Toggle Minerals are classified according to their chemical composition.
Geology Online Quizzes Questions and Answers
Geology online Quizzes questions and answers. Free online quiz with multiple-choice questions (MCQ) without registration. Geology Multiple Choice Questions geology questions and answers | geology questions for competitive exams | geology exam questions. Geology quiz questions and answers.geology quizes. Geology online quiz.
Metamorphism
The mineralogical, chemical, and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions which have generally been imposed at depth below the surface zones of weathering and cementation, and which differ from the conditions under which the rocks in question originated. Metamorphism means to “change form,”. In other words, metamorphism is a process that […] Table of Contents Toggle Process of MetamorphismWhat are types ...
What is Magmatic Sulfide ore deposit?
Magmatic Sulfides and Cumulates Mafic and ultramafic magmas, like all common magmas, contain the major elements oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. But they typically also contain other elements including sulfur, nickel, and less common metals such as platinumRead more
Magmatic Sulfides and Cumulates
Mafic and ultramafic magmas, like all common magmas, contain the major elements oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
But they typically also contain other elements including sulfur, nickel, and less common metals such as platinum, palladium, and chromium.
As these magmas cool and crystallize, the first minerals to form are plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine – all made of major elements.
Consequently, the concentrations of sulfur and other minor elements increase in remaining melt.
Eventually, sulfur concentration becomes great enough so that sulfide minerals begin to crystallize.
The sulfide minerals, typically containing iron and nickel, may also contain relatively high concentrations of platinum, palladium, and other minor metals.
Sulfides have greater densities than silicate minerals and the mafic or ultramafic melts.
So, the denser sulfide minerals will, over time, begin to sink. Eventually, after more cooling and crystallization, significant deposits of sulfide minerals may accumulate on the bottom of a magma chamber.
The deposits, which may form centimeters-, or meters-thick layer called a cumulate, are often entirely, or nearly entirely, composed of sulfide minerals.
This process produces magmatic sulfide deposits, which are the most important sources of platinum, palladium, chromium, and several other metals.
Cumulate sulfide minerals include pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS), and pyrite (FeS2)
Cumulate sulfide deposits account for almost 60% of the world’s nickel production and more than 95% of platinum and palladium production.
These deposits are associated with mafic and ultramafic magmas but not, generally, with felsic magmas, because felsic magmas are so viscous that they cool and crystallize before dense minerals can settle.
Sulfides are not the only kind of mineral that can become concentrated in a cumulate deposit.
Oxides – including magnetite (Fe3O4), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and chromite (FeCr2O4) – may settle and collect at the bottom of a magma chamber, too.
These chromite cumulates produce not only significant amounts of chrome, but also very large amounts of platinum, palladium, and related elements.
See lessWhat kind of Soils associated with Gold Deposits?
💠Throughout much of human history, many people have been fascinated with gold. 💠 Almost every civilization has prized this special metal. 💠The first question everyone has is “How do I find gold?” After much effort over the millenia, people have developed lots of ways to find that precious metal. 💠SoRead more
💠Throughout much of human history, many people have been fascinated with gold.
💠 Almost every civilization has prized this special metal.
💠The first question everyone has is “How do I find gold?”
After much effort over the millenia, people have developed lots of ways to find that precious metal.
💠Sometimes, mother nature herself provides hints about where she is hiding some gold.
💠One of these natural indicators can be found by looking at the plants and soil where you think gold might be hidden.
Always remember that gold is rarely found in large chunks.
💠It will either consist of tiny flakes, or as thin streaks of material within rocks.
💠 In fact, prospectors refer to the tiny gold flakes found in river sands as “colors.”
💠Plants Which Might Grow Near Gold
💠The easiest and most common way of searching for gold is known as placer mining.
💠 This refers to finding gold found away from its original underground site and moved over time.
💠 Placer mining is most frequently done either at the bottom of streams or where streams used to flow.
Cottonwood trees, which grow in wet areas will also grow over top of the areas where streams used to flow.
💠Although an old stream bed may be dry on the surface, there may still be dampness underground.
💠Even though the trees don’t necessarily indicate that gold is there, they (or any type of riparian plant for that matter) may help you to locate a placer gold source if you are in gold country.
💠One of the plants which often grow in areas over gold deposits is the horsetail plant.
💠Horsetail plants were often used by miners in the past as a guide to where gold might be found.
💠 It can tolerate the existence of heavy metals in the soil, which has made people believe gold may be nearby.
💠 Ironically, the horsetail plant also had a practical use for prospectors during the gold rush.
💠 It was primarily used for washing pots and pans.
💠The Desert Trumpet is another indicator that helps prospectors know where to look for gold.
💠 They require more mineralization in the soil than most desert plants.
💠 The red dirt the Desert Trumpet grows in is likely near heavy metals like gold.
💠The Trumpet is most commonly found in arid parts of the American Southwest.
See lessWhat is Geology definition ?
geology, the fields of study concerned with the solid Earth. Included are sciences such as mineralogy, geodesy, and stratigraphy.
geology, the fields of study concerned with the solid Earth. Included are sciences such as mineralogy, geodesy, and stratigraphy.
See lessWhat is difference between granite and basalt
Igneous rocks are formed by the crystallisation of a magma. The difference between granites and basalts is in silica content and their rates of cooling. A basalt is about 53% SiO2, whereas granite is 73%.
Igneous rocks are formed by the crystallisation of a magma. The difference between granites and basalts is in silica content and their rates of cooling. A basalt is about 53% SiO2, whereas granite is 73%.
See lessWhat Are the Differences Between Basaltic and Granitic Magma?
Granitic magma has high levels of potassium and sodium, while basaltic magma has very low levels of these minerals. When magmas are judged by mineral composition like this, they are technically referred to as felsic, which is granitic, and mafic, which is basaltic. Another major difference between tRead more
Granitic magma has high levels of potassium and sodium, while basaltic magma has very low levels of these minerals. When magmas are judged by mineral composition like this, they are technically referred to as felsic, which is granitic, and mafic, which is basaltic.
Another major difference between these two types of magmas is the temperature that each needs in order to stay liquid. Felsic magmas are normally between 650 and 800 degrees Celsius, whereas mafic magmas are between 1,000 and 1,200 degrees. This is because the mafic minerals melt at much higher temperatures than potassium and sodium, the felsic minerals. Due in part to the lower temperature, felsic magma is much more viscous than mafic magma, meaning it is much thicker and more resistant to flowing.
Although basaltic magma can result in basaltic rocks and granitic magma can result in granitic rocks, they can also form other rocks depending on how quickly the magma cools. Granite is formed by the slow cooling of magma within the surface of the earth, while basalt is formed when magma quickly cools after breaching the earth’s surface through volcanic activity.
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