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Porphyry copper deposits are among the most significant sources of copper globally, accounting for over 60% of the world’s copper production . 1. Geological Overview a) Geological Background Porphyry copper deposits are typically associated with magmatic arcs related to subduction zones, where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental or another oceanic plate. This tectonic […]Table of Contents Toggle 1. Geological Overviewa) Geological Background
Introduction Ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids are one of the most important agents in the formation of mineral deposits. These fluids, which originate from various geological processes, have the ability to dissolve, transport, and deposit metals in economic concentrations. The study of hydrothermal fluids is crucial for understanding ore genesis and guiding mineral exploration. This article provides […]Table of Contents Toggle Introduction1. Sources of Hydrothermal Fluids
Gold has been one of the most sought-after minerals for centuries due to its value and rarity. Prospectors, geologists, and even hobbyists often search for gold-bearing rocks in the field. But how do you identify rocks that contain gold? This guide will provide an in-depth look at the geological features, rock types, and mineral indicators […]Table of Contents Toggle 1. Understanding the Geological Settings of Gold
Introduction Alteration in geology refers to mineralogical, textural, and chemical changes in rocks due to interactions with fluids, temperature variations, and pressure changes. This process occurs in diverse geological settings, including hydrothermal systems, weathering environments, and metamorphic terrains. Understanding alteration is essential in mineral exploration, petrology, geotechnical engineering, and environmental studies. This article explores the […]Table of Contents Toggle IntroductionTypes and Processes of Alteration
Introduction The Induced Polarization (IP) method is one of the most effective geophysical techniques used in the exploration of sulfide ore deposits. This method is particularly useful for identifying disseminated sulfide minerals, which are commonly associated with copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) deposits. This article provides a detailed overview […]Table of Contents Toggle Introduction1. Understanding the Induced Polarization ...
Introduction Gold exploration is a complex process that requires a combination of geological knowledge, geochemistry, and geophysical techniques. One of the most effective methods for locating gold deposits is the identification of pathfinder elements and minerals. Pathfinder elements and minerals are geochemical indicators that suggest the presence of gold nearby, even if the gold itself […]Table of Contents Toggle IntroductionWhat Are Pathfinders for Gold Deposits?
Introduction Structural control is one of the most significant factors influencing the formation and distribution of hydrothermal gold deposits. Structural geology determines the pathways for mineralizing fluids, the locations of ore deposition, and the overall geometry of gold-bearing zones. Understanding these structural controls is essential for exploration geologists seeking new gold deposits and for mining […]Table of Contents Toggle IntroductionStructural Controls in Hydrothermal Gold Deposits
Introduction to Geology Geology, derived from the Greek words geo (Earth) and logos (study), is the scientific discipline dedicated to understanding the Earth’s composition, structure, processes, and history. It seeks to answer fundamental questions: How did mountains form? Why do volcanoes erupt? What clues do rocks hold about ancient life? From the atomic structure of […]Table of Contents Toggle Introduction to Geology
Engineering geological tests are critical for assessing the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of rocks and soils to ensure safe and cost-effective design of infrastructure (e.g., dams, tunnels, foundations). These tests help determine material strength, stability, permeability, and susceptibility to hazards like landslides or subsidence. Below are key tests categorized by their application: 1. Field […]Table of Contents Toggle 1. Field Tests (In-Situ)2. Laboratory Tests
Sand Dune Landform: Formation, Types, and Significance Sand dunes are dynamic landforms created by the interaction of wind, sand, and vegetation. These striking natural features are common in deserts, coastal regions, and even in some semi-arid and arid zones. This article explores every aspect of sand dunes, including their formation, types, ecological significance, and role […]Table of Contents Toggle Sand Dune Landform: Formation, Types, and Significance
What is Geology definition ?
Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, its structure, properties, processes, and the history of life on Earth. It includes the study of rocks, minerals, and the forces that have shaped the planet, as well as the study of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere. Geologists use a varietyRead more
Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, its structure, properties, processes, and the history of life on Earth. It includes the study of rocks, minerals, and the forces that have shaped the planet, as well as the study of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere. Geologists use a variety of techniques, including fieldwork, laboratory analysis, and remote sensing, to investigate the Earth’s materials and structures, and to understand the processes that have shaped our planet over time.
See lessWhat are hydrothermal veins?
The simplest hydrothermal deposit to visualize is a vein, which forms when a hydrothermal solution flows through an open fissure and deposits its dissolved load. A great many veins occur close to bodies of intrusive igneous rocks because the igneous rocks serve as heat sources that create convectiveRead more
The simplest hydrothermal deposit to visualize is a vein, which forms when a hydrothermal solution flows through an open fissure and deposits its dissolved load.
A great many veins occur close to bodies of intrusive igneous rocks because the igneous rocks serve as heat sources that create convectively driven flows in hydrothermal solutions.
Precipitation of the minerals is usually caused by cooling of the hydrothermal solution, by boiling, or by chemical reactions between the solution and rocks lining the fissure.
Some famous deposits are the tin-copper-lead-zinc veins of Cornwall, England; the gold-quartz veins of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia, and Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada; the tin-silver veins of Llallagua and Potosí, Bolivia; and the silver-nickel-uranium veins of the Erzgebirge, Germany.
Hydrothermal deposits formed at shallow depths below a boiling hot spring system are commonly referred to as epithermal, a term retained from an old system of classifying hydrothermal deposits based on the presumed temperature and depth of deposition.
Epithermal veins tend not to have great vertical continuity, but many are exceedingly rich and deserving of the term bonanza.
See lessWhat kind of Soils associated with Gold Deposits?
💠Throughout much of human history, many people have been fascinated with gold. 💠 Almost every civilization has prized this special metal. 💠The first question everyone has is “How do I find gold?” After much effort over the millenia, people have developed lots of ways to find that precious metal. 💠SoRead more
💠Throughout much of human history, many people have been fascinated with gold.
💠 Almost every civilization has prized this special metal.
💠The first question everyone has is “How do I find gold?”
After much effort over the millenia, people have developed lots of ways to find that precious metal.
💠Sometimes, mother nature herself provides hints about where she is hiding some gold.
💠One of these natural indicators can be found by looking at the plants and soil where you think gold might be hidden.
Always remember that gold is rarely found in large chunks.
💠It will either consist of tiny flakes, or as thin streaks of material within rocks.
💠 In fact, prospectors refer to the tiny gold flakes found in river sands as “colors.”
💠Plants Which Might Grow Near Gold
💠The easiest and most common way of searching for gold is known as placer mining.
💠 This refers to finding gold found away from its original underground site and moved over time.
💠 Placer mining is most frequently done either at the bottom of streams or where streams used to flow.
Cottonwood trees, which grow in wet areas will also grow over top of the areas where streams used to flow.
💠Although an old stream bed may be dry on the surface, there may still be dampness underground.
💠Even though the trees don’t necessarily indicate that gold is there, they (or any type of riparian plant for that matter) may help you to locate a placer gold source if you are in gold country.
💠One of the plants which often grow in areas over gold deposits is the horsetail plant.
💠Horsetail plants were often used by miners in the past as a guide to where gold might be found.
💠 It can tolerate the existence of heavy metals in the soil, which has made people believe gold may be nearby.
💠 Ironically, the horsetail plant also had a practical use for prospectors during the gold rush.
💠 It was primarily used for washing pots and pans.
💠The Desert Trumpet is another indicator that helps prospectors know where to look for gold.
💠 They require more mineralization in the soil than most desert plants.
💠 The red dirt the Desert Trumpet grows in is likely near heavy metals like gold.
💠The Trumpet is most commonly found in arid parts of the American Southwest.
See lessWhat Are the Differences Between Basaltic and Granitic Magma?
Granitic magma has high levels of potassium and sodium, while basaltic magma has very low levels of these minerals. When magmas are judged by mineral composition like this, they are technically referred to as felsic, which is granitic, and mafic, which is basaltic. Another major difference between tRead more
Granitic magma has high levels of potassium and sodium, while basaltic magma has very low levels of these minerals. When magmas are judged by mineral composition like this, they are technically referred to as felsic, which is granitic, and mafic, which is basaltic.
Another major difference between these two types of magmas is the temperature that each needs in order to stay liquid. Felsic magmas are normally between 650 and 800 degrees Celsius, whereas mafic magmas are between 1,000 and 1,200 degrees. This is because the mafic minerals melt at much higher temperatures than potassium and sodium, the felsic minerals. Due in part to the lower temperature, felsic magma is much more viscous than mafic magma, meaning it is much thicker and more resistant to flowing.
Although basaltic magma can result in basaltic rocks and granitic magma can result in granitic rocks, they can also form other rocks depending on how quickly the magma cools. Granite is formed by the slow cooling of magma within the surface of the earth, while basalt is formed when magma quickly cools after breaching the earth’s surface through volcanic activity.
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