Uniformitarianism is a theory based on the work of James Hutton and made popular by Charles Lyell in the 19th century. This theory states that the forces and processes observable at earth’s surface are the same that have shaped earth’s ...Read more
Uniformitarianism is a theory based on the work of James Hutton and made popular by Charles Lyell in the 19th century. This theory states that the forces and processes observable at earth’s surface are the same that have shaped earth’s landscape throughout natural history.
The earth sculpting processes alluded to above are the processes of erosion, deposition, compaction and uplift. Although these processes are constant, they occur at extremely slow rates. As a farmer, Hutton realized that the rates of erosion were so slow that it would take an inconceivable amount of time to observe drastic changes in Earth’s landscape.
The theory also states that these processes have occurred at constant rates throughout natural history. James Hutton explains this idea in his book entitled Theory of the Earth, “… we find no vestige of a beginning – no prospect of an end.” Hutton was the first scientist to conclude that the age of the Earth must be so incredibly old that the mind can’t begin to estimate its length.
Lyell even went to the Paris Basin to observe the rocks responsible for catastrophism, a theory in direct opposition with uniformitarianism. Based on catastrophism, the forces shaping the earth are not constant. However, when Lyell observed the mass extinction events in the fossil succession of the Paris Basin, he drew a very different conclusion. Lyell recognized that cyclical depositional environments and reoccurring extinctions show that there are controls that cause these processes to be recurrent. However, Lyell saw these processes as taking place over vast amounts of time and only appearing to be abrupt because of the scale of time preserved in the rocks.
Lyell’s theory of uniformitarianism would eventually coincide with plutonism as the foundation of modern geology. Uniformitarianism is also the first theory to predict deep time in western science. Deep time is the idea that Earth history is so deep that a person can’t possibly conceive the amount of time that has passed on planet earth. This further proved that the earth could not be a few thousand years old, as believed by theologian scientists
James Hutton (1726–1797), a Scottish farmer and naturalist, is known as the founder of modern geology. He was a great observer of the world around him.
More importantly, he made carefully reasoned geological arguments. Hutton came to believe that the Earth ...Read more
James Hutton (1726–1797), a Scottish farmer and naturalist, is known as the founder of modern geology. He was a great observer of the world around him.
More importantly, he made carefully reasoned geological arguments. Hutton came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example, molten material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and then eroded sediments are washed away. He recognized that the history of the Earth could be determined by understanding how processes such as erosion and sedimentation work in the present day. His ideas and approach to studying the Earth established geology as a proper science.
In the late eighteenth century, when Hutton was carefully examining the rocks, it was generally believed that Earth had come into creation only around six thousand years earlier (on October 22, 4004 B.C., to be precise, according to the seventeenth century scholarly analysis of the Bible by Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland), and that fossils were the remains of animals that had perished during the Biblical flood. As for the structure of the Earth, “natural philosophers” agreed that much bedrock consisted of long, parallel layers which occurred at various angles, and that sediments deposited by water were compressed to form stone. Hutton perceived that this sedimentation takes place so slowly that even the oldest rocks are made up of, in his words, “materials furnished from the ruins of former continents.” The reverse process occurs when rock exposed to the atmosphere erodes and decays. He called this coupling of destruction and renewal the “great geological cycle,” and realized that it had been completed innumerable times.
Hutton came to his chosen field by quite a roundabout route. Born in Edinburgh in 1726, he studied medicine and chemistry at the Universities of Edinburgh, Paris, and Leiden, in the Netherlands, and then spent fourteen years running two small family farms. It was farming that gave rise to Hutton’s obsession with how the land could hold its own against the destructive forces of wind and weather he saw at work around him. Hutton began to devote his scientific knowledge, his philosophical turn of mind, and his extraordinary powers of observation to a subject that had only recently acquired a name: geology.
Geology is the study and science of Earth’s landforms. This includes how they were created, have changed over time, and how they will evolve.
There are several branches of geology that have more focus. We divide geology into the following sub-fields:
GEOLOGY ...Read more
Geology is the study and science of Earth’s landforms. This includes how they were created, have changed over time, and how they will evolve.
There are several branches of geology that have more focus. We divide geology into the following sub-fields:
GEOLOGY – The study of physical features and the processes that act on their development.
CHRONOLOGY: Studying layers of rock as it relates to geologic time
TECTONICS: Applying the principles of plate tectonics to geology
NATURAL RESOURCES: Examining rocks, terrain and material as natural resources
SEDIMENTOLOGY: Understanding erosion, movement and deposition of sediments
TOPOGRAPHY: Mapping terrain and processes that act on it
ASTROGEOLOGY: Classifying rocks and land forms outside Earth
Even though you can categorize geology in different ways…. here’s how we’ve divided the branches of geology.
These branches of geology focus on time
These branches of geology specifically deal with time. Whether it’s fossils, magnetic fields, or types of landforms, they are often concerned with reconstructing the past.
This is why “paleo” is common in these fields of study. Paleo is short for ”paleolithic” which often refers to the geologic past.
Stratigraphy is concerned with the layering of archaeological remains and their position on layers of rock. For example, magnetostratigraphy studies magnetic fields in rocks and past pole reversals.
STRATIGRAPHY – How layering of rocks and strata are analyzed to measure geologic time.
PALEONTOLOGY – How organisms evolve and their interactions in their environment by studying fossil records often found in rocks.
MICROPALEONTOLOGY – How microfossils are characterized.
PALEOMAGNETISM – How to reconstruct previous magnetic fields in rocks including the direction and intensity to explore pole reversals in different time periods (past and future).
GEOMORPHOLOGY – How landforms, physical features and geological structures on Earth were created and evolved.
PALEOSEISMOLOGY – How geologic sediments and rocks are used to infer past earthquakes.
MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY – How sedimentary and volcanic sequences are dated by geophysically correlating samples of strata deposited with the Earth’s magnetic field polarity.
GEOCHRONOLOGY – How old rocks and geological events are dated using signatures inherent in rocks.
Tectonics understands moving plates
Seismology, volcanoes, earthquakes… these branches of geology all have one common theme. The underlying process that impacts them are plate tectonics.
Fields like seismology measure how waves travel through and around Earth from earthquakes. Meanwhile, tectonophysics targets the physical process that acts on the behavior of waves.
As tectonics plays a key role in volcanoes, volcanology explains how and where volcanoes and related phenomena (lava and magma) erupt and form (past and present).
TECTONICS – How Earth’s crust evolves through time contributing to mountain building, old core continents (cratons) and earthquakes/volcanoes.
VOLCANOLOGY – How volcanoes erupt, the anatomy of a volcano and related phenomena (lava, magma) erupt and form (past and present).
SEISMOLOGY – How seismic waves travel through and around the Earth from earthquakes.
NEOTECTONICS – How Earth’s crust deforms and has moved in recent and current time.
TECTONOPHYSICS – How Earth’s crust and mantle deforms specific to its physical processes.
SEISMOTECTONICS – How earthquakes, active tectonics and individual faults are related to seismic activity.
Geology is a study that encompasses all the materials that make up the earth, the forces that act upon the earth, as well as the biology of ancestral inhabitants based on fossil records. It plays a vital role behind the ...Read more
Geology is a study that encompasses all the materials that make up the earth, the forces that act upon the earth, as well as the biology of ancestral inhabitants based on fossil records. It plays a vital role behind the success of many other different disciplines, such as climatology, civil engineering, and evolutionary biology. Overall, geology is concerned with the changes of the earth over time, such as climate change and land formation.
Geologists study earth processes such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, and volcanic eruptions. When geologists investigate earth materials, they not only investigate metals and minerals, but also look for oil, natural gas, water, and methods to extract these.
What does geologist do?
A geologist works to understand the history of the planet we live on, to better predict the future, and to explain current occurrences. Geologists are also hired to survey land and draw up safe building plans.
A geologist looking at a piece of rock with a magnifying glass.
A general geologist works with mineralogy, petrology, geological mapping, economic geology, and petroleum geology. Geological mapping consists of documenting geological formations on a map, such as rock patterns and distribution.
All divisions of geology provide highly useful information towards understanding the earth and its inhabitants. Depending on the particular specialization in geology, a geologist may study and map rock formations, collect rock samples and fossils, or measure the physical properties of the earth. Studying these things helps geologists interpret the active geological processes during the past several million years of earth’s history.
Types of geologist
Environmental Geologist
Environmental geologists look for solutions to environmental issues by observing and investigating flooding, erosion, earthquakes, pollution, and natural hazards. They specifically focus on studying and understanding the earth and human interactions with the land, so as to forecast any geological issues and impacts on the environment due to the effects of urban and industrial expansion. Their research and work is vital to finding successful ways to reducing the negative effects of growth.
Duties for environmental geologists may involve: collecting soil, sediment, rock and core samples; conducting surveys; studying the effects of erosion and sedimentation; and recording information from reports, geochemical surveys, imagery, and maps
Engineering Geologist
Engineering geologists can work as advisors to private and public companies on the environmental and geological issues for real estate development by assessing whether the ground rock is stable and safe enough to build on.
An engineering geologist investigates the physical and chemical properties of rocks and soil – this information is carried over to building bridges, dams, structures, roads, and tunnels in structurally sound areas and at minimal cost. Some knowledge of civil engineering is also recommended for the civil planning aspect.
Marine Geologist
Marine geologists are a subset of geologists that study the processes (such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and earthquakes) of the land form that is beneath the ocean. This includes the ocean floor, beaches, estuaries, some coastal river areas and large lakes, and the shallow slopes/shelves that surround the continents.
Marine geologists are more involved in the results of geology, rather than the causes. They focus on the interplay between geology, marine biology, and oceanography, as the bottom of the ocean is still an unexplored frontier. Studying and maintaining the health of our coastal and offshore resources is vital to our economy – there is a large amount of natural gas and oil that is beneath our oceans, and the skills and new technologies that marine geologists bring to the table are essential as we surpass peak oil.
Planetary Geologist
Planetary geology is concerned with studying the geology of the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Planetary geologists look at things like the make-up of the minor bodies of the Solar System, planetary volcanism, impact craters, what the internal structure of the moon is, or how planets like Pluto, Saturn or Jupiter were originally formed.
Planetary geology is closely linked with Earth-based geology, and applies geological science to other planetary bodies. By either working with actual specimens that were gathered from space missions, or from analyzing photos, planetary geologists can set about understanding the climate, history, and topography of other planets.
Economic Geologist
Economic geology is a subset of geology that is concerned with the formation and extraction of earth materials such as precious and base metals, petroleum minerals, nonmetallic minerals, construction-grade stone, coal, and water that can be used for economic potential and/or industrial purposes in society. Economic potential refers to materials that are currently or may potentially be valuable, typically referred to as mineral resources (they include minerals, oil, gas, and ore deposits).
Most of our modern conveniences (for example computers and plastics) rely on the Earth’s natural resources and once started as raw materials. The earth’s population is estimated to hit over 9 billion by 2050 – more people means more natural resources will be needed. An economic geologist’s primary objective is to locate profitable deposits of oil, gas, and minerals and to figure out how to extract them. Economic geologists continue to successfully expand and define known mineral resources.
Petroleum Geologist
A petroleum geologist is involved in identifying possible oil deposits/traps, oil discovery, and production. They are called upon to study sediment deposits in oceans, rock folds, and faults. They also make the decision of where to drill by locating prospects within a sedimentary basin. This can be very labour-intensive work that involves special equipment to look at sedimentary and structural aspects in order to locate possible oil traps.
Petroleum geologists determine a prospect’s viability by looking for: a source rock that can generate hydrocarbons; porous rock reservoirs that are sealed and that collect hydrocarbons in a trap; traps that are formed in a specific geological order; a cracking of organic matter into gas and oil when under heat and pressure; and the movement of gas and oil from the source rock- to a reservoir rock- to a trap. Data may be obtained via geophysical surveys and from the mudlogger, who analyzes the drill cuttings and the rock formation thicknesses.
Geomorphologist
Geomorphologists study how the Earth’s surface is sculpted or morphed by streams, landslides, glaciers, and wind. Volcanos, earthquakes, and tsunamis also fall within the interests of geomorphologists. As rock and sediment is worn away and moved to other areas (erosion or deposition) by certain processes, landforms are produced. By studying, documenting, and mapping these landforms/landscapes and how air, water, and ice has affected them, geomorphologists can better understand how and why they form. Often particles and organic material, such as diatoms and macrofossils, that are preserved in sediments and peat can give hints on past climate changes and processes.
Geomorphologists can specialize in aeolian (desert) geomorphology, glacial and periglacial geomorphology, volcanic and tectonic geomorphology, and planetary geomorphology.
Geophysicist
A geophysicist studies the Earth by using gravity and magnetic, electrical, and seismic methods. Research geophysicists study the earth’s internal structure, earthquakes, the ocean and other physical features using these methods. Some geophysicists study the earth’s properties for environmental hazards and assess areas for construction sites.
Investigating the inner workings of the earth, geophysicists focus upon the physical and fluid properties of materials making up the earth, seeking a greater understanding of continental formation and processes that happen because of it (earthquakes, etc). Geophysicists also focus on finding oil, iron, copper, and many other deposits of minerals created by the earth’s movement and compression of materials.
Geohydrologist
Geohydrologists study the properties and distribution of natural underground water reservoirs, their capacity to store water, and the movement of water through the reservoirs. More importantly, geohydrologists investigate the cycles of drawing out water from the reservoirs for human consumption, as well as the replenishment by precipitation.
Paleontologist
Making deductions about ancestral climates and environmental conditions through fossil records is the job of a paleontologist, a type of geologist. We can understand so much more about the past earth thanks to these researchers who analyze deposited layers of rock and soil for clues about pre-historic times. A paleontologist works with evolutionary biology, determining the factors that made species go extinct and those that brought about the origin of species as well.
The following are some examples of duties and responsibilities:
Mapping and Fieldwork Field mapping – to produce a geological map by examining rock types, geological structures, and how they relate to one another. Geotechnical mapping – to evaluate the properties and stability of rock areas to determine suitability for any kind of construction or modification, such a building a tunnel.
Logging Rock core logging – also known as rock chip logging, for mining and exploration companies Mud logging – for oil and gas exploration Geotechnical logging – to assess the strength or weakness of rocks; to identify fractures
Laboratory Work
Lab work is essential in the field of geology. In fact, some geoscientists work exclusively for large commercial laboratories that conduct data analysis for mining, oil and gas, engineering, and environmental companies.
Microscopic analysis – to examine the fine details of rocks and fossils Geochemical analysis – to reveal details about samples, such as metal content or quality of oil Geomechanical analysis – to test and reveal the strength of rocks
Computer-Based Work Geographical Information Systems GIS) – essentially allow geologists to conduct field mapping on their computers by producing a digital database of acquired field data
Modelling programs – have become increasingly important tools for geologists, both in the research sector and in the commercial sector. Geologists produce modelling programs for: modelling geological processes, often for research; producing a 3D model of an oil field, a mineral deposit, or an aquifer (an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock); modelling the subsurface geology that is to be modified by an engineering project.
Report Writing
Geology reports can range from brief daily site updates to large documents of several hundred pages concerning economic assessments and environmental impacts of potential exploration projects.
A geology degree is very versatile, more so than many other degrees. Most people think “oil, gas, and mining” when they think about geology. But the degree has expanded in the last decades. Here are some interesting factoids:
About 40% of ...Read more
A geology degree is very versatile, more so than many other degrees. Most people think “oil, gas, and mining” when they think about geology. But the degree has expanded in the last decades. Here are some interesting factoids:
About 40% of geologists work in the environmental sector. There is a trend to prefer geologists over environmental scientists, especially in the area of mine mitigation and contamination remediation and ecological restoration.
Geologists have often attained special instrumentation and lab skills. With applied training you can work in forensics and criminal investigation, as well as environmental investigation.
Job growth in the geology sector is above average according to the US Department of Labor.
A new breed of geologists is getting trained for space exploration and mining. Some universities are starting to offer degrees in that.
Hydrogeology is a hot topic for the global clean drinking water crisis. You can run out of oil, but you can NOT run out of water. There is a HUGE future in that.
Geology is not the “easiest degree”. It takes effort and as far as I know there is no “online” option for an entire degree in geology. But the discipline belongs to the STEM sciences and students often shy away from those because “it is hard”. Think again: “Hard” equates to “employability”, even during difficult times. Most students do not understand that. During the height of our last major recession in 2008, there was a shortage of STEM scientists to satisfy the labor market in the US, because there were not enough US graduates in these disciplines. Employers were forced to hire from “overseas” to satisfy demand. Just for fun and giggles, go to a university and see how many “foreign” Ph.D.s are employed there and then ask yourself “why?”
GEOLOGY is the study of the earth, its history and its processes. The discipline of geology addresses the materials which comprise the earth and the processes of earth formation and deformation.
Subdisciplines include, but are not limited to: the study of ...Read more
GEOLOGY is the study of the earth, its history and its processes. The discipline of geology addresses the materials which comprise the earth and the processes of earth formation and deformation.
Subdisciplines include, but are not limited to: the study of life and evolution; the study of minerals and rocks; processes of tectonic deformation of rocks; and processes of landscape evolution.
GEOLOGISTS are responsible for finding economic natural resources, such as minerals, oil, gas, coal, and water, upon which our industrial society depends. Geologists are also responsible for determining how to safely dispose of waste and how to remediate areas contaminated with toxic substances. Thus, geologists are unique in that they occupy both ends of a spectrum within society.
Geologists also study the earth’s history, including the the evolution of life forms, and Geologists apply such knowledge to interpret other planets, such as Mars in the recent Pathfinder mission.
A field trip to the Sunlight Basin, Wyoming.
GEOLOGY MAJORS at Augustana study the fundamentals of the science, including mineralogy; igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology; vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology; structural geology; hydrogeology; environmental geology; stratigraphy; geomorphology; and plate tectonics.
Geology is an interdisciplinary science, requiring knowledge of fundamentals of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics.
The Geology Department emphasizes field experiences, offering numerous local and distant field trips every year and providing opportunities for student research during the summer and the school year.
Geology majors are well-prepared for graduate school in earth and environmental sciences or law, and many majors pursue careers in earth sciences, education, and business.
IN INDIA HIGEST SCOPE FOR A GEOLOGIST AT MOST IN GOVERMENT
Geological Survey of India (GSI)
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)
Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)
Hindustan Zinc Ltd
Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation (MMTC)
Coal India
Mineral Exploration Ltd.
Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM)
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
And many Private componies even in petroleum field also geologist is in demand…!
What will the uses of geology be in the future?
What is the future of Geology?
Given the world population – I expect hydrology and environmental geologic studies generally will be ‘big’. I don’t expect metal and non-metal mining to go away, ...Read more
What will the uses of geology be in the future?
What is the future of Geology?
Given the world population – I expect hydrology and environmental geologic studies generally will be ‘big’. I don’t expect metal and non-metal mining to go away, because people will need ‘things’ including buildings, roads, bridges and machines of all sorts – but I do expect that robotics will play a bigger role in the actual mining processes, but geologists will still be needed for exploration and development.
Oceanography, seismology (earthquake studies) and volcanology (volcano studies) will certainly be expanding – we are only barely beginning to get ideas about how to predict and manage risk from natural earth processes.
Areas for you to consider:
Hydrogeology- the world will need more water, and understanding how water moves through the rocks underground will help us to pump it out efficiently and better understand how aquifers recharge.
Petroleum geology- despite conventional wisdom, we are ...Read more
Areas for you to consider:
Hydrogeology- the world will need more water, and understanding how water moves through the rocks underground will help us to pump it out efficiently and better understand how aquifers recharge.
Petroleum geology- despite conventional wisdom, we are going to be using oil and gas for a long time.
Mining geology- with more focus on renewable technology, we have to find more rare earth metals.
Environmental geology- regulatory requirements will force companies to maintain more geologists who understand how the environment is changed by industry.
Petroleum geology and environmental geology will be the two fields that are going to endure into the future.
